Sanctions (law)

Sanctions are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and regulations. Criminal sanctions can take the form of serious punishment, such as corporal or capital punishment, incarceration, or severe fines. Within the civil law context, sanctions are usually monetary fines, levied against a party to a lawsuit or his/her attorney, for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process. The most severe sanction in a civil lawsuit is the involuntary dismissal, with prejudice, of a complaining party's cause of action, or of the responding party's answer. This has the effect of deciding the entire action against the sanctioned party without recourse, except to the degree that an appeal or trial de novo may be allowed because of reversible error.

As a noun, the term is usually used in the plural, even when it refers to a single event: if a judge fines a party, it is not said that he or she imposed a sanction, but that he or she imposed sanctions.

A judge may sanction a party during a legal proceeding, by which it is meant that he or she imposes penalties. In the United States federal court system, certain types of conduct are sanctionable under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Conversely and someimes confusingly, the word may be used to mean "approve of," especially in an official sense. "The law sanctions such behavior" would mean that the behavior spoken of enjoys the specific approval of law.

To sanction means to make a legal agreement. The word is derived from sanctus, to make holy. A legal agreement or sanction imposes approvals, rules, guidelines and penalties on conduct.

Bibliography

• Herbert L.A. HART, The Concept of Law, Oxford University Press, London, 1961;
• Gerd SPITTLER, Norm und Sanktion. Untersuchungen zum Sanktionsmechanismus, Walter, Olten-Freiburg, 1967;
• Norberto BOBBIO, Sanzione, Novissimo Digesto, UTET, Torino, XVI, Torino, 1969, 530-540;
• Niklas LUHMANN, Rechtssoziologie, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1972;
• Ota WEINBERGER, Der Sanktionsbegriff und die pragmatische Auswirkung gesellschaftlicher Normen, in H. Lenk, Hrsg., Normenlogik, Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach bei München, 1974, 89-111;
• Lawrence M. FRIEDMAN, The Legal System. A Social Science Perspective, Russel Sage Foundation, New York, 1975;
• Norberto BOBBIO, Dalla struttura alla funzione. Nuovi studi di teoria del diritto, Comunità, Milano, 1977;
• Vilhelm AUBERT, On Sanctions, in “European Yearbook in Law and Sociology”, 1977, 1-19;
• H. KELSEN, Allgemeine Theorie der Normen, Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, Wien, 1979;
• F. D’AGOSTINO, Sanzione, "Enciclopedia del diritto", XLI, Giuffrè, Milano, 1989, 303-328;
• Ota WEINBERGER, Rechtslogik, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1989;
• Charles-Albert MORAND, Sanction, “Archives de Philosophie du droit”, XXXV, 1990, 293-312;
• Heike JUNG, Sanktionensysteme und Menschenrechte, Haupt, Bern-Stuttgart-Wien, 1992;
• Juan Carlos BAYON, Sanction, Dictionnaire encyclopédique de théorie et de sociologie du droit, L.G.D.J., Paris, 1993, 536-540;
• Realino MARRA, Sanzione, "Digesto delle discipline privatistiche. Sezione civile", UTET, Torino, XVIII, 1998, 153-61.