Calavera
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the Spanish Wikipedia. (November 2010) |
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The word calavera, Spanish for "skull", can refer to a number of cultural phenomena associated with the Mexican celebration of the Day of the Dead and the Roman Catholic holiday All Souls Day.
- calaveras de azúcar ("sugar skulls") are used to adorn altars and can be eaten.[1]
- calaveras literarias are poems, written for the Day of the Dead but intended to humorously criticize the living.[2][3]
- calavera can refer to any artistic representations of skulls, such as the lithographs of José Guadalupe Posada.[4]
- Cervecería Calavera is also the name of a newly started craft brewery in Mexico City.[5]
[edit] Sugar Skulls
Sugar art was brought to the New World by Italian missionaries in the 17th century. The first Church mention of sugar art was from Palermo at Easter time when little sugar lambs and angels were made to adorn the side altars in the Catholic Church.
Mexico, abundant in sugar production and lacking money to buy fancy imported European church decorations at the time, learned quickly from the friars how to make sugar art for their religious festivals. Clay molded sugar figures of angels, sheep and sugar skulls go back to the Colonial Period 18th century. Sugar skulls represented a departed soul, had the name written on the forehead and was placed on the home ofrenda or gravestone to honor the return of a particular spirit. Sugar skull art reflects the folk art style of big happy smiles, colorful icing and sparkly tin and glittery adornments. Common ingredients for making sugar skulls include powdered sugar, egg white, corn syrup, vanilla, and corn starch. Typically, sugar skulls need to dry overnight or for several hours. Sugar skulls are labor intensive and made in very small batches in the homes of sugar skull makers. However, these artisans are disappearing as fabricated and imported candy skulls take their place. [6]
[edit] See Also
[edit] References
- ^ Luscinski, Amy (PDF), Day of the Dead, http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/files/bh6SVW/Amy%20Luscinski.pdf, retrieved 2007-11-13, "Molded from a sugar paste, then decorated with icing, glitter and foil, these skulls often are placed on altars. The sugar represents the sweetness of life, and the skull represents the sadness of death."
- ^ Rangel, Sonia. "Calavera poetry reading slated for Nov. 1". Tejano Tribune. http://www.epcc.edu/ftp/Homes/elcon/102307f3.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-13.[dead link]
- ^ Barradas, Francisco (2007-11-01). "Calaveras and Posadas" (in spanish). El Tecolote. http://news.eltecolote.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=f7f9983afcb6140cd57d5366b41e1409. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
- ^ About an José Guadalupe Posada's Calavera Revolucionaria, http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/ChicanArte/html_pages/PosadaIssOutl.html, retrieved 2007-11-13, "Posada created many images of calaveras (skeletons) performing many different human activities. These images were/are used for the Day of The Dead celebrations in Mexico."
- ^ Juan Carlos García (December 2009) (in Spanish), Calavera Decembrina, Público Milenio, http://www.ocioenlinea.com/contenido/calavera-decembrina, retrieved 2010-02-06, "...cervecería Calavera, con productos totalmente artesanales y de muy cuidada calidad"
- ^ Villalba, Angela, Day of the Dead History, http://mexicansugarskull.com/support/dodhistory.html, retrieved 2011-06-25
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