HALLMARKS OF ENGLISH SILVER
MAKER'S MARK IDENTIFICATION

WITH THE ADDITION OF SCOTTISH, IRISH, CHANNEL ISLANDS AND COLONIES SILVERMITHS

  created by Giorgio B. owner of
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BRITISH SILVERSMITHS - ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF MARKS: GA-GZ
THE DIRECTORY OF MAKERS' MARKS AA
AE		 AF
AZ		 BA
BZ		 CA
CH		 CK
CZ		 DA
DZ		 EA
EZ		 FA
FZ		 GA
GZ		 HA
HG		 HH
HZ		 IA
IG		 IH
IZ		 JA
JC		 JD
JH		 JJ
JP		 JQ
JS
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF MARKS JT
JZ		 KA
LZ		 MA
MZ		 NA
PA		 PB
PZ		 QA
RH		 RK
RZ		 SA
SG		 SH
SZ		 TA
TH		 TI
TZ		 UA
WB		 WC
WF		 WG
WL		 WM
WS		 WT
ZZ		  
ALPHABETICAL LISTING
OF SILVERSMITHS' NAMES		 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  [B] = BIRMINGHAM    [C] = Chester   [D] = DUBLIN  [E] = EDIMBURGH  [EX] = EXETER  [G] = GLASGOW    [L] = LONDON  [N] = NEWSCASTLE   
[S] = SHEFFIELD   [Y] = YORK
(lower-case letter denote smaller ones but they may be capital letters)
CLICK ON THE YELLOW NAME FOR MAKER'S MARK IMAGE and ON THE GREEN NAME FOR INFORMATION
G& Co into two conjoined circles (C.Griffiths & Co [B]) 20th c./1st half
G & Co over Ld into a trefoil (Garrard & Co Ltd [B][L][S]) 20th c./2nd half
G & Co over Ld into a trefoil (Gibson & Co Ltd [ S ]) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G & H (Gee & Holmes [S] ) 20th c./2nd half
G & J over W.H into a shield (G & J W Hawksley [S] ) 20th c./1st half
G&MC (George & Michael Crichton [ E ]) 19th c./2nd half
G& S Co Ld (Goldsmiths & Silversmiths Co Limited [ L ] )
G&S Co over LTD into a trefoil (Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Company [ G ][ L ][ S ]) 20th c./1st half
G&W without contour (not identified [ L ]) 1979
GA over & Co (George Ashworth [ S] ) end 18th c./beginning 19th c.
GA into a quatrefoil (George Angell [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
G A into two circles (Chawner & Co -George William Adams- [ L ]) mid 19th c.
G. BROWN (G Brown [ D ] ) 19th c./1st half
G.B (George Bell [ E ] ) 19th c./1st half
G.B (George Boots [ABERDEEN] ) 19th c./1st half
G B in script (Gustavus Byrne [ D ] ) end 18th c./beginning 19th c.
G B in script into an oval (George Boothby [ L ] ) 18th c./1st half
G B (George Burrows [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
G B (George Brazier [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
GB (George Bedingham [ L ] ) 20th c./1st half
G B into two outlines (George Boot [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
G B & Co into four circles (G Bryan & Co [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
G B & Co (George Butler & Co [ S ] ) 20th c./2nd half
G B & Co over Ld (Gresham, Barber & Co Ltd [ L ] ) 20th c./1st half
G.B.Ld into a double pointed oval (George Butler & Co [ S ] ) 20th c./1st half
G B over & S into a shield (not identified) Sheffield 1933
G B over & S into an oval (George Betjenmann & Sons [ L ]) 20th c./1st half
GBD into an oval (Ganneval, Bondier & Donninger [ L ]) 20th c./1st half
G B over JB into a quatrefoil (George & James Boyton [ L ] ) mid 19th c.

G.C in script (George Campar [ L ] ) mid 18th c.
G.C & Co (G Cross & Co [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
GC (George Cowles [ L ] ) end 18th c./beginning 19th c.
GC (George Cunningham [ E ]) mid 19th c.
GC (George Christie [ E ] ) end 19th c.
GC over IC (George & John Cowie [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
G C W into three squares (G C Whiles [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
GD (George Day [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
G.D.R in a chamfered rectangle (George D Rattray [ G ]) 1915
G.E (George Elder [ G ] ) mid 19th c.
GE & Co (George Eadon & Co [ S] )
GE & S (George Edward & Son [ G ]) 19th c./2nd half
GE over AE into a quaterfoil (George Edward & Sons [ G ] ) 20th c./1st half
GED (Dougal Ged [ E ] ) 18th c./1st half
G.E.G (George Edward Gee [ B ]) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G.E.H (George Ernest Hawkins [ B ][ C ] ) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G.E.W (G E Walton & Co Ltd -George Edwin Walton- [ B ]) 20th c./1st half
GF (George Fenwick [ E ] ) 19th c./1st half
GF (George Fox [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
G F into two conjoined circles (George Ferris [ EX ] ) 19th c./1st half
GF in script into a shield (not identified [ MALTA ] ) 1834
G.F.B (George Frank Bickerton - possibly- [ B ]) 20th c./1st half
G.F.P (George Frederick Pinnell [ L ] ) mid 19th c.
G.F.W &S into a sort of oblong shield (G F Westwood & Sons [ B ] ) entered 1912
GG (George Gray - overstruck-[ L ]) end 18th c./beginning 19th c.
GG into an oval (George Guest [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
GG (George Gray [ L ]) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
GG into an oval (George Gilliam [ L ] ) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
GG into two conjoined circles (Gustave Guilaudet [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
GG into two circles (George Gillett [ L ] ) end 19th c.
GG over CG (George Hay Gowland & Clement Gowland [ N ] ) 19th c./2nd half
G.G.B (Geoffrey G Bellamy [ L ] ) 20th c./2nd half
GH (Harrison Brothers & Howson -George Howson- [ S] ) end 19th c./20th c.
GH (George Hindmarsh [ L ] ) 18th c./1st half
GH (George Hape (possibly) [ S] ) 20th c./1st half
GH (George Heath [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
G.H into an oblong chamfered rectangle (Harrison Brothers & Howson -George Howson- [S] ) end 19th c./20th c.
G.H.H (George Henry Hibberd [ S ] ) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G.H.I (G H Inshaw [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
G.H.J (George Henry James [ L ]) beginning 20th c.

G.I (George Innes [G]) 19th c./1st half
G.I (George Ivory [ L ] ) mid 19th c.
G.I (George Ibberson [ S ]) 20th c./1st half
G.I&Co (George Ibberson & Co [ B ][ S ]) 20th c./1st half
G.I into a hearth with two stars (Edward Gibson [ B ] ) beginning 18th c.
GI in script (George Greenhill Jones [ L ] ) 18th c./1st half
G.J (George Jamieson [E][L] ) mid 19th c.
GJ over DF into a shield (George Maudsley Jackson & David Landsborough Fullerton [ B ][ L ][ S ]) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G.J Ld (Georg Jensen Ltd [L] ) mid 20th c.
GK into a rectangle (George Knight [L]) entered 1818
GK into two conjoined circles (George King [L]) entered 1819
G.K into a rectangle (George Kenning [ L ]) 19th c./2nd half
GK & S into a rectangle (George Kenning & Son [ L ]) beginning 20th c.
G.L (G Loveridge & Co [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
G.L (George Lowe II [ C ] ) 19th c./1st half
GL conjoined (George Lambert [ L ]) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G L (Bristol Goldsmiths Alliance -George Langford- [ L ] ) 20th c./1st half
G L (George Samuel Lewis [ N ] ) 19th c./1st half
GL (Gerhardus Lotter [CAPE] ) 1810 c.
GL&Co (G Loveridge & Co [ B ] ) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G L C into a clover (G L Connell Ltd [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
G L over JW (George Lewis & John Wright [ N ] ) 19th c./1st half
G.L without contour (G Loveridge [ B ] ) beginning 20th c.
G.Ltd (Gieves Ltd (of 21 Old Bond Street, London) Co [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
G Ltd into two squares (Gladwin Ltd [ S ] ) 20th c./1st half
GM (Gilbert Marks [ L ] )
G M (George Murray [ N ] ) 19th c./1st half
GM in script (George Methuen [ L ] ) mid 18th c.
GM in script (George Morris [ L ] ) mid 18th c.
GM&S (not identified [ S ] ) 1933
G.M.Co into an indented rectangle (Gorham Manufacturing Co [ B ] [ L ] ) 20th c./1st half
G.M.Co (G. Mills & Co [ B ]) 20th c./1st half
G MH (George McHattie [ E ] ) 19th c./1st half
G.M.Ltd into an oval (George Muir Ltd [ G ] ) 20th c./1st half
GMJ (Josiah Williams & Co -George Maudsley Jackson- [ L ] ) end 19th c.
G N into an oval (George Nangle [ D ] ) 19th c./1st half
G N (G Norman [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
G.N over R.H into a shield (George Nathan & Ridley Hayes [ B ][ C ][ L ] ) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
GO into an oval (William Gould [L] ) entered 1734
G of H (George Henry Hart - 'Guild of Handicraft' [ L ] ) 20th c.
G of H Ltd (Guild of Handicraft Limited [ L ]) beginning 20th c.
GP (George Paton [ E ] ) 19th c./1st half
GP (George Piercy [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
G P into an indented chamfered rectangle (Septimus Louis Platnauer trading as Gertrude Platnauer [ C ] ) entered 1938
G P into two circles (George Perkins [ C ] ) 20th c./1st half
GP&S into four conjoined octagons (G. Payne & Son [ B ] ) 20th c.
GPB without frame (not identified [ B ] ) 1910

G.R (G Randle [ B ]) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.
G R into an oval (George Reid [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
G R (George John Richards [ L ] ) mid 19th c.
G.R.C (G R Collis & Co [ B ]) mid 19th c.
GRC (George Richmond Collis [ L ]) 19th c./1st half
GRE (George Richards Elkington [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
GR over EB into a quatrefoil (George John Richards & Edward Charles Brown [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
GRISH CHUNDER DUTT into a lozenge (Grish, Chunder & Dutt [ Bhowanipore CALCUTTA - India ] ) c. 1890-1900
G over R I (Richard & Joseph Gosling -possibly- [ L ] ) c. 1760
GS in script into a rectangle (George Smith III [ L ] ) entered 1774
GS (George Smith V [ L ] ) end 18th c.
GS and English pseudo hallmarks (George Savage [ CANADA ] ) c.1830-1850
GS (George Sangster [ E ] ) 19th c./2nd half
GS (George Stockwell for Stockwell & Co Ltd [ L ] ) 20th c./1st half
Gs (Garrards Ltd [ L ] ) mid 20th c.
GSG over & Co inside a shield (Charles S. Green & Company [ B ] ) 20th c./2nd half
GST (G S Twist [ B ]) 20th c./1st half
GS over TH (George Smith V & Thomas Hayter [ L ] ) end 18th c./beginning 19th c.
GS over WF into a square (George Smith III & William Fearn [ L ] ) entered 1786
G.T (G Thomson [G] ) 19th c./1st half
G.T (George Turner [ EX ] ) 19th c./1st half
GT over Ld into a trefoil (George Tarratt Ltd [L] ) mid 20th c.
G.T over T.B (George Turner & Thomas Biddell [L] ) 19th c./1st half
GU into a shield (George Unite [B][S]) 19th c./2nd half
GU into a chamfered rectangle (George Unite [B][C]) mid 19th c./mid 20th c.
G.U (George Unite [B][C][L][S]) mid 19th c./mid 20th c.
G.U.S & L (G Unite & Sons & Lyde Ltd [ B ]) 20th c./1st half
GV (George Vernon [L] ) entered 1728
G.V&Co into a chamfered oblong rectangle (Gourdel Vales & Co [B][C]) 20th c./1st half
GvBH into an oblong rectangle (Geraldine von Bethmann-Hollweg [ L ]) end 20th c.
GW gothic under a crown (George Wickes [ L ]) 18th c./1st half
GW into a rectangle (George Wintle [ L ]) 19th c./1st half
GW into an oval (George Wintle [ L ]) 19th c./1st half
GW (Gervase Wheeler [ B ] ) 19th c./1st half
GW in script (George Whiting [ L ]) 19th c./1st half
GW in script (George Webb [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
GW (G Walker [ C ]) end 19th c.
GW into an oval (George West [ D ]) end 19th c.
GW (George Wish [ L ] ) 20th c./1st half
G.W (George White [ G ]) 19th c./1st half
G.W into a rectangle under a crown (George Wickes [ L ]) 18th c./1st half
G.W into a lozenge (Graham Watling [ L ]) 20th c./2nd half
G.W.H&Co (G W Harvey & Co [ B ]) end 19th c/beginning 20th c.
GWL&Co (G W Lewis & Co [ B ]) 20th c./1st half
GY under a dot into a pentagon (George Young [L] ) entered 1746
Gy & Co into three conjoined circles (Grey & Co [L] ) entered 1893
Gy&Co into a chamfered oblong rectangle (Grey & Co [ B ][ C ][L ]) 20th c./1st half
BRITISH TOWN MARKS AND DATE LETTERS
London town marks Birmingham town marks Dublin town marks Edinburgh town marks Sheffield town marks Exeter town marks
London Birmingham Dublin Edinburgh Sheffield Chester
The hallmarking of British silver is based on a combination of marks that makes possible the identification of the origin and the age of each piece. The marks are:

Town mark, corresponding to the mark of the Assay Office that has verified the piece
London town mark Sheffield town mark Birmingham town mark Newcastle town mark Dublin town mark Edimburgh town mark Glasgow town mark

Lion passant guardant or Britannia or lion's head erased, certifiying the silver quality
lion passant: 1598-1820 lion passant: after 1820 Britannia and lion's head erased: from 1697 to 1718
Maker's mark, identifying the silversmith presenting the piece to the assay office (usually the initials of Christian name and surname of the silversmith)

Date letter, in cycles of twenty letters of the alphabet of different shape identifies the year in which the piece was verified by the Assay Office
London date letter 'a'
A further mark was used in the period 1784 - 1890:
Sovereign head ('duty mark'), certifying the payment of the duty
Sovereign head: duty mark from 1784 to 1890
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