General Cuthbert Grant,
a Scottish Cree or Assiniboine Metis, is elected Canadian Captain General of the Metis Nation.
His Mandate is to drive out the British Hudson Bay Company.
04/16/2011
METIS HISTORY 1818-1820
METIS HISTORY Return to METIS 1800-1849 index
1816
Tree ring analysis supports the observations of this being the year without a summer.
Cornelia Amois, Ottawa Metis, b-1816 Mackinac, wife Alexander Amois, Ottawa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Ignace Atiadongo Iroquois from Sault St. Louise, Quebec joined NWC (1814-1816) Michillimackinac then Columbia District.
Angelique Belonger, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1826 Mackinac listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as from the Leech Lake Indians. Paul Belonger is husband.
Suzanne Blondin or Blondeau, b-1816 in the N.W., daughter Louis Blondin or Blondeau and Marie Louise Laframboise; married Gilbert Beriault, b-1802.
Alexis Bonamis (Bonamie) dit L'Esperance Metis? b-1798 Sorel, Quebec died 1890 son Pierre Lesperance (L'Esperance alias Magnon) and Marguerite Auchinjoined HBC 1816-1870)
(1816-1817) Fort William
(1818-1819) Peace River
(1819-1820) Athabasca
(1823-1825) Columbia District
(1825-1870) east of rockies
Married 1825 Red River Margaret Gounon aka Gournon (Grenon) Metis (1800/-3-1871) daughter Joseph Gounon and Nowananikkwee.
Children recorded:
Baptiste Bruce Bonamis dit L'Esperance Metis
Joseph Bonamis dit L'Esperance Metis married Marie Lavallee (1827-1872)
Louis Bonneau, Metis, b-1816, Red River des Metis, son Jean Baptiste Bonneau, (1752-1842) and Louise a Native, b-1760; married Marie Ann Gourneau, Metis, born January 1825, N.W. daughter Francois Gourneau and Marguerite Martineau, Metis, born February 1805 Sault Ste Marie.
Angelick Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis, b-1798, arrived Sault Ste Marie 1816 & 1831, married 1820, Hines Cadotte, listed March 28, 1836, treaty.
Louis Carow, Ottawa/Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1831 St. Ignace, son Joseph Carow, Ojibwa Metis, and Ottawa Metis Woman, b-1782 St. Ignace, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. It is noteworthy that woman's tribal origin is listed first.
(I)-Edward Chambers b-1797 joined HBC (1816-1826) Moose married 1832 (II)-Jane Vincent Metis b-1806 daughter (I)-Thomas Vincent (1776-1832) and (II)-Jane Sutherland Metis he returned to Orkney with Thomas Vincent his children Jane, Thomas, wife Jane and her children John, Hames Sutherland described in will of Thomas Vincent as being husband of Jane Vincent, residing in Orkneys.
Edward Cowles, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1833 Mt. Oberlin, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected lives out of district.
Jane Daley, Metis, living Lac du Flambeau listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Withdrawn by claimant.
Martens Falls, Albany River, birth, (III)-Joseph Daniel, Metis baptized November 9, 1832 Red River, died June 14, 1839, son (II)-Griffiths (Griffith) Daniel, Metis, (183/90-1869) employed HBC (1800-1830) and Indian Woman
Mary Duvernay, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1821 Sault Ste Marie, wife Joseph Duvernay, Ojibwa Metis, b-1811 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as origin is unknown.
Mary Duvernay, Ottawa Metis, b-1816 Grand River, sister to Louis Boureseau Ottawa Metis b-1812, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Jean Baptiste Gadoua b-1790 joined HBC (1816-1820) working Norway House; (1822-1823) working New Caledomia; (1823-1843) working Columbia District; 1838 on the North Saskatchewan with wife Marguerite Deschamps and three children,
Jean Baptiste II Gadoua Metis b-1834
Charles Gadoua Metis b-1836
Louis Gadoua Metis b-1837
(I)-William Heddle (1785-1847) joined HBC (1816-1847) Cumberland, servived by widow Christian no other information recorded
Madeline Jeaudrau, Ottawa Metis, b-1812, arrived 1816 Mackinac, wife Michael Jeandrau Sr. Ottawa Metis, listed March 29, 1836 treaty.
Sarah King, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1835 Mackinac, wife David W. King, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Joseph Klyne, b-1816 N.W. son Michel Klyne, b-1781 and Susanne LaFrance; married Louise Braconnier, Metis, b-1817 N.W., died May 23, 1915, Red River, Winnipeg daughter Baptiste Braconnier and Elise (Lisette) Beauchemin, b-1790, Red River des Metis.
(II)-Pierre Lafitte is born New Orleans son (I)-Jean Lafitte (1780-1825) and Catherine Villars.
Lisette Lapelle, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1827, Mackinac, daughter Louis Lapelle, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Louis lives at La Point in winter, comes into district and spends his summers. This is his home.
Charlotte Lovay, Ojibwa Metis b-1816, settled 1821 Sault Ste Marie, married John Baptiste Lovay, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Francois Marion b-1780/81 L, Assomption, Quebec, employed NWC (1816-1821) St. Mary's (Sault Ste Marie) then Fort William (1819-1821) HBC (1822-1833) Red River, York, Norway house as blacksmith. Married Lizette Martelle
Narcisse Marion b-1805 HBC (1827-1835) a blacksmith York Factory married 1829 Marie Richard Grandbois,
Edward Marion b-1834 and Elizabeth McDougall
Jules A. Marion (1867-1929) employed HBC (1891-1892) Cassier
Adoph Joseph Marion
John McBean d-1854 of N.W.C. is promoted as partner of the N.W.C. this year.
Marguerite McCoy Metis b-1816, Red River, daughter Francois Xavier McCoy Chippewa Metis, b-1782 and Margaret Lagrue, Chippewa Metis, b-1800; married 1836, Joseph Renshaw Brown, while pending divorce from Joseph R. Brown, 2nd promise marriage December 16, 1839, Mendita, Minnesota to Peter Bouche (Bouchea) (most likely Boucher), a brother-in-law of Louis Massey both co-founders of Hudson, St Croix County, Wisconsin in 1838Peter Bouchea and Margaret McCoy had one illegitimate child named Adeline McCoy, Makye, (Bouchea Metis) raised as Adeline (Madeline) Bourcier, married 1st Francois Sharo (Sharrow) 2nd marriage Louis Scott, 3rd marriage Chas (Charles) Cambell. Margaret married Joseph Boucher - Boursier - Bush on December 28, 1841 at St. Peter, Mendota, Minnesota, by Lucien Galtier.
TWO CHILDREN RECORDED with Joseph R. Brown:
Margaret Brown Metis born 1835
Mary Brown born 1838ONE ILLEGITIMATE CHILD RECORDED with Peter F. Bouchea: he has spelled his name, Bouchae, Bouche, Bushey, Boshe, Boucher. But Hudson, Wisconsin knows him most famously as Bouchea.
Adeline McCoy, Makye, Metis, born about July 7, 1841, Grey Cloud Islan, Minnisota. raised as Adeline (Madeline, Magdelaine) Boucher, married Francois Sharo (Sharrow), married Louis Scott, married Chas (Charles) CampbellTWELVE CHILDREN RECORDED with Joseph Boursier - Bourcier - Bush
Thomas Bush, Metis, b-1843, died November 21, 1844
Olivia Bush, Metis, born August 5, 1845
Antoine Bush, Metis, born November 26, 1847, died October 10, 1874
Elizabeth Isabelle Bush, Metis, born December 10, 1849, d-1899
Rosely Bush, Metis, born October 8, 1851, died April 19, 1929
Amelia Bush, Metis, born October 1, 1852
Jean Baptiste (John) Bush, Metis, born October 1, 1852
Frances Rosella Bush, Metis, born March 12, 1855, died March 8, 1921
Mary Elizabeth Bush, Metis, born about 1857
Selina Bush, Metis, born October 13, 1858
Joseph Bush, Metis, born about 1860, married Louisa
David Bush, Metis, about 1865
(I)-Donald McDonald, b-1797 married 1816, Red River des Metis, likely a country marriage to Nancy Farquarhson, Metis, b-1806. Janet MacDonald suggests they were churched in 1826.
Hugh (Laird) McGillis (1767-1848) was arrested when the Selkirk outlaw army invaded Minnesota, taking him prisoner and deporting him to York (Toronto) where he was acquitted.
(II)-Hector Aeneas McKenzie Metis (1816-1889) NW son (I)-Charles McKenzie (1778-1855) and Mary MacKay Metis; joined HBC (1839-1851) MacKenzie River, Athabasca, Saskatchewan, retired Red River, married 1866 Jane Cameron b-1843, daughter Allen Cameron
(I)-Kenneth McKenzie (1801-1861) joined NWC (1816-1821) Red River; toined a Columbia Fur Company called Tilton and Company (1821-1827) working out of St. Louis, Missouri; it merged 1824 with American Fur Company (1827-1834) up the Missouri into Blackfoot Country, built Fort Union 1832, married Indian woman
(II)-Owen McKenzie Metis d-863
(II)-two unnamed girls by another woman later in life.
Dr. (III)-Jean Baptiste (John) McLoughlin's (1784-1857) an Irish, Scotish, from Quebec employed NWC (before 1816-1821) and HBC (1821-1845). He was arrested for the murder of Robert Semple, but acquitted. He married Chippewa Woman about 1808 and had a son (IV)-Joseph McLoughlin, Metis (1809-1848); 2nd marriage 1812 Marguerite Waden, Metis (1775-1860) daughter Jean Etienne Wadin and Marie Deguire, Metis. Marguerite was widow of Alexander McKay d-1811 Columbia District.
Children from 2nd marriage
(IV)-Marie Elizabeth McLoughlin, Metis b-1814 Fort William, married 1832 William Randolph Eppes,
(IV)-Maria Eloisa McLoughlin, Metis (1817-1884) Fort William, traveled to Columbia District 1825 and married 1832 William Glen Rae; 2nd marriage 1850 Daniel Harvey
(IV)-David McLoughlin, Metis (1821-1903) Fort William, married 1866 Annie Grizzly, daughter of Chief Grizzly on the Kootenai Indians
(I)-Robert Millar b-1798 joined HBC (1816-1846) Cumberland, York Factory, Fort Pelly, Swan River, retied Red River. married (II)-Elizabeth Setter Metis bapt 1822 daughter (I)-Andrew Setter (1779-1870) and Margaret (Peggy) Spence Metis b-1790 NWT
(II)-William Millar Metis bapt 1841, d-1843
(II)-Margaret Millar Metis bapt 1843
(II)-Barbara Millar Metis bapt 1846
(II)-Elizabeth Millar Metis bapt 1847
(II)-George Millar Metis bapt 1848
(I)-Murdoch McPherson (1795-1863) joined NWC (1816-1821) Montreal assigned Athabasca 1818; HBC (1821-1849) Athabasca, MacKenzie River, assigned Tadoussac (1841-1844), married Jean Smith Metis b-1805 daughter Edwards Smith Metis d-1849 Athabasca and MacKenzie River
(II)-Hannah McPherson Metis d-1846
(II)-Joseph Edward McPherson Metis (1826-1874) born Mackenzie River
(II)-Alexander McPherson Metis
(II)-Murdo (Murdoch) McPherson Metis b-1839 Fort Simpson
Agatha Mayille, Ottawa Metis, b-1816 Mackinac married to Joseph Mayville and sister Margaritta La Croix, Ottawa Metis b-1812, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Mary Ann Miniclear, Metis, b-1816 Sault Ste Marie daughter John D. Le May and Liset Le May b-1796 and wife Joseph Miniclear, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as decedents of Indians from north end of Lake Superior.
Jean Baptiste Obichon (1794-1879) from Sorel, Quebec (likely the same man as Alexis Aubichon possible son Louis Obichon who wintered Pacific Slopes NWC (1818-1819); joined NWC (1816-1819) east of Rockies, also worked as a freeman off and on, HBC (1821-1827) east of Rockies and HBC (1827-1841) Columbia District, settled Fort Vancouver then Willamette. On May 13, 1839, he married Marie, Tsalile [Chinook] b-1814 at Fort Vancouver. By 1847, Marie had died and on November 27, 1847 in St. Louis, Oregon, he married Isabelle (1827-1854) from a “tribe of the south.” Together they had
Jean Baptiste Obichon Metis b-1849
Marie Obichon Metis b-1850
Antoine Obichon Metis (1852-1854).
Isabelle died on March 8, 1854 at the age of twenty-six. Jean Baptiste did not appear to remarry
Hyacinthe Parisien dit Parisien from Montreal joined NWC (1816-1821) Lac La Plue, Norway House, Ile-a-la-Crosse; HBC (1821-1822) Saskatchewan River, retired to Red River.
Charles Pratt Indian or Metis (1816-1888) listed as Native born Ruperts Land which usually means Metis but bapt 1823 Red River listed Indian Boy, (1823-1824) attended Church Missionary Societh School, Red River, joined HBC (1835-1848) Fort Pelly, Swan River. Married 1736 Fort Pelly Kitty Indian or Metis
Thomas Pratt Metis (1837-1891) born Fort Pelly
Charles Pratt Metis (1837-1898) born Fort Pelly
Rev. James Settee a Cree (1816-1902) born Split Lake (Manitoba) b-1827 Red River, married 1835 (III)-Sarah (Sally) Cook Metis of Red River bapt 1825 d-1911 daughter (II)-Joseph Cook Metis (1788/93-1848) and (II)-Cathorine Sinclair Metis
(I)-James Settee Metis bapt 1836 married 1866 (II)-Elizabeth Corrigal Todd Metis bapt 1844 daughter (I)-Dr. William Todd (1784-1851) and
(I)-George Settee Metis bapt 1838
(I)-Mary Ann Settee Metis bapt 1842
(I)-John Richard Settee Metis bapt 1844 married 1867 Louisa Moore
(I)-Georgeana Settee Metis b-1850 married 1868 John Logan
(I)-Albert Settee Metis married 1871 Mary Moore
(I)-Henriette Settee Metis b-1859 married 1875 (II)-John Rae son (I)-Duncan McRae (1818-1898)
(I)-Elizabeth Settee Metis married Halford Spenser Gouldhawke HBC (1876-1880)
Josette Terrien, Ottawa Metis, b-1816 St. Ignace, daughter first husband, 2nd husband is Isaac Terrien and Ottawa Woman (Angelique), listed March 28, 1836 treaty. First husband name is unknown.
(I)-C.T. William Todd, (1784-1851) an Irishman, employed HBC 1816-1851) married (II)-Marianne Ballantyne, d-1831 "a half caste woman" (Metis Woman) likely daughter (I)-John Ballenden, b-1757 or Balentine, Balenden, Ballendine and Indian woman (John's wife is back in Orkney); 2nd marriage August 20, 1839, Elizabeth (Isabella) Dennett, Metis b-1804, baptized September 5, 1823 & July 4, 1839, died March 4, 1845.
RECORDED CHILDREN
(II)-William Todd, Metis baptized September 7, 1823 York Factory
(II)-Anne Todd, Metis baptized June 8, 1830, d-1843
(II)-Robert Todd, Metis b-1831 Red River .
RECORDED CHILDREN 2nd marriage
(II)-James Todd, Metis, baptized August 21, 1825
(II)-Samuel Todd, Metis, baptized September 4, 1827, died October 9, 1827
(II)-Roberta Todd, Metis, baptized May 30, 1832
(II)-John Todd, Metis, baptized July 22, 1834
(II)-Margaret Todd, Metis, baptized July 5, 1839
(II)-Donald Todd, Metis, baptized July 4, 1839
(II)-Mary Todd, Metis, baptized August 6, 1839
(II)-Elizabeth Todd, Metis baptized August 15, 1844.
Red River, birth Andre Torotter 3rd, Metis son Andrew Trottier Jr. Metis, born 1784 Pembina or (1791-1874+) and Marguerite Pacquet (Paquette dit St. Denis), Metis, b-1787 or b-1800 Red River des Metis ; married Isabel Falcon b-1819 daughter Pierre Falcon
In the winter of 1815-16, Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière, an independent trader and friend of the settlement carried letters by snowshoe from Red River to Lord Selkirk who was in Montreal. The letters told Selkirk of the atrocities and deportations of 1815 and convinced the Lord that the settlement needed protection or it would be destroyed once again. Selkirk recruited 30 voyageurs and 104 discharged soldiers of the War of 1812 to come with him to Red River to protect the colony. These soldiers were mostly Swiss mercenaries from the regiments of Des Meurons and Watteville. Selkirk promised them free land at Red River, or free passage back to Europe in return for their services.
Duncan Graham, d-1847, joined Selkirks War with the Northwest Fur Company and the Metis of Red River by helping secure the trade in northern Minnesota from the N.W.C. He employed traders James Grant, b-1795 Metis, William Morrison, and Eustace Roussain b-1770/80 for the trading season. Duncan considered the Yankton Dakota Sioux as ferocious savages, brutes who originated from the devil; who he believed was the great grandfather of them all.
Wisconsin officially became part of the U.S.A. North West Territories in 1787, but the Canadian fur traders effectively controlled the region until this year.
Bazil Hudon Beaulieu, Metis (1817-1893) son Paul Hudson Beaulieu (1787-1848+) and Wauneaussequa.
Prairie du Chien, birth Marguerite Domitelle Brisbois, metis daughter Michel Brisbois (1759-1837) and Domitelle Gauthier de Verville born 1781 Prairie du Chein.
Nancy Campbell, Metis born about 1816-1820 Upper Mississippi District daughter John Duncan Campbell (1802-1847) and Dakota woman; 1st married Alfred Hudson, 2nd marriage Louis Larocque.
Duncan Campbell Jr., Metis born about 1816/17 Upper Mississippi District son John Duncan Campbell (1802-1847) and Dakota woman; married Margaret.
(I)-Thomas Douglas (1771-1820) son Dunbar Douglas and Helen Hamilton with his army of Swiss and German soldiers from the de Meuron Regiment had wintered in Montreal.
Owen Keveney d-1816 was a much-despised agent of Lord Selkirk’s. He was a terribly cruel individual and was hated by the men in his employ. In the summer of 1816, he departed from Fort Albany on Hudson’s Bay with the intentions of going to Red River to "restore order". Keveney’s party was made up of four Irishmen and two Métis, who deserted except for Couly. They claimed that Keveney had stabbed one man in the leg with a bayonet, and he had shot the other in the face with a gun full of powder. Each incident was a result of the men falling asleep due to exhaustion. Keveney was arrested by the NWC and sent to Montreal for trial, he was executed on the way.
Josette La Framboise Metis, b-1795 daughter of Joseph La Framboise (1765-1806) and Madaline Marcotte, Metis (1780-1846) visited Mackinac and met Benjamin K Pierce, commander of Fort Mackinac. They married later this year.
(I)-Charles McKay joined HBC (1816-1827) of which (1824-1827) in Columbia District. He was an interpreter fluent in the Peigan language making one wonder if he was not Metis sent to Scotland for education? He had the distinction of being an early non-native eyewitness to the Great Salt Lake as (II)-William Kittson Metis? (1792-1841) reported that Charles McKay on May 12, 1825 climbed to a high point on the Wasatch Moutains south of Logan, Utah and got a distant view of Great Salt Lake, several miles to the southwest
(III)-John McKay Metis b-1816 son (II)-John Richards McKay, Metis, (1792-1877/87) and (II)-Harriet Ballenden Metis (1795/1800-1854) daughter (I)-John Ballenden b-1757 and native woman.
(II)-William McKay, Metis (1793/95-1887) son (I)-Mad Donald McKay and Hanna Sutherland, Metis. d-1802; married 1816/17 Julia Chalifoux.
Raymond Mastat, in 1846 claimed to have purchased a spot on the North Bank of St. Mary's River (Sault Ste Marie) from Bell who lived on it from this year.
(II)-John Mongle (1801-1830) was born Maskinonge, Quebec son of a (I)-Hessian Soldier with the Hanau Chasseurs and Marie Judith Panneton, and joined NWC 1816 out of Montreal. He married 1st. Marie Caret aka Comette; 2nd marriage 1827, Marie St. Germain.
Mrs Antoine Paquin, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816 St. Ignace wife of Antoine Paquin, Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. This is Susan Lavake daughter John Isaac Lavake and Susanne Aiabens, source Cindy Leutz.
The Perrault family, in 1846, claimed to have occupied the same spot on the North Bank of St. Mary's River (Sault Ste Marie) from 1816 to 1846.
(I)-John Pritchard Sr. (1777-1856) married 1815/1816 Red River 2nd wife Catherine McLean, (McGilvray), (Mull) likely Indian or Metis as the Hudson Bay considered his family as Metis in 1820 and he was confined to the left bank of Red River with the other Metis families.
Knee Lake, birth (II)-Colin Robertson Sinclair, Metis (1816-1901) son (I)-William Sinclair, Orkney (1766-1818) employed HBC (1782-1818) and Margaret Nahoway Cree or Metis;
Elizabeth Roulean, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1828 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as a descendent from Lac du Flambeau Indians.
Marie Matwewenin Roulette, aka Matche Kameko, Metis, born 1816, Red River, daughter of Joseph Roulette aka Mettwaywemin, Metis and Marie Tepe-Nawa-banook, Indian; married 1834 Baie St. Paul, Jean Baptiste Spense, Weetchamash, b-1807, Cumberland House source Ida A. Spence.
Charles Roussain, Sault Metis b-1797 likely son Eustace Roussain Metis b-1770/80 part of John Sayer Fur Co (1795-1804), employed NWC (1816-1821) Fond du Lac, Lake Superior, St. Mares, Lac La Pluie, (Michigan) Lac la Plue as interpreter, then HBC (1821-1823) Lac La Pluie.Astor Fur Company in 1820, American Fur Company (1824-1829) HBC (1829-1849) Norway House, Babine, New Caledonia (1831-1832), Athabasca (1834-1835) then back to Lake Superior and Lac La Pluie. The following children are likely either Eustance or Charles?
Francois Roussain Metis married 1835 Joe Cadotte
Francia Roussain Metis (HBC (1843-1851) Lac La Pluie
Julia Roussain d-1826+ married William Morrison (1785-1866)
(I)-Dr. William Todd (1784-1851) joined HBC (1816-1827) prairies HBC (1827-1829) Columbia District (1829-1851) Prairies. William Todd had two wives and twelve/thirteen children.
He married Marianne Ballentyne Metis between 1830-1835 and had three children.
(II)-William Todd Metis bapt 1823 ,d-1871) married 1849 Sarah Jane Johnstone, married 1868 Fanny Anne Hourie b-1842
(II)-Anne Todd Metis bapt 1830, d-1843
(II)-Robert Todd Metis b-1831
On August 20, 1839, he married Eliz. Dennet Metis d-1844) and together they had ten children. He worked steadily at a variety of posts until he was granted furlough in 1851, dying on December 22 of that year. Four of their children were
(II)-Elizabeth (Isabella) Todd Metis bapt 1839, d-1845 married 1839 (I)-James Settee Metis son Rev. James Sette a Cree and (III)-Sarah (Sally) Cook Metis
(II)-Albert Todd Metis ??
(II)-James Todd Metis bapt 1825
(II)-Samuel Todd Metis bapt 1827, d-1827
(II)-Robert Todd Metis bapt 1832
(II)-John Todd Metis bapt 1834
(II)-Margaret Todd Metis bapt 1839
(II)-Donald Todd Metis bapt 1839
(II)-Mary Todd Metis bapt 1839
E(II)-lizabeth Todd Metis bapt 1844
(III)-Joseph Turner Metis Jr. b-1816 son (II)-Joseph Turner Metis Sr. (1783-1865) and Indian woman, joined HBC (1829-1852) retired Red River
Joseph Vivina Metis b-1816 Red River and both his parents were born Red River, which would be about 1796. He married Mary Metis b-1821 N.W.T., living Fort Edmonton 1901.
The Northwest Fur Company built Fort Nez Perce a.k.a. Fort Walla Walla at the confluence of the Walla Walla and Columbia Rivers.
Pierre Bottineau, a French-Chippewa Metis, is born Red River (1816/17-1895) (some suggest he was born Grand Forks, North Dakota) son Joseph Charles Bottineau a French Huguenot from Boston and Margaret Clear-Sky an Ojibwa (1816-1851). This sounds like confusion between father and son? (others suggest Genevieve Laurance (His mother was Ojibwa and her father was a captured Dakota)). He grew up in the Red River region, learning to speak French, Dakota, Ojibwa, Cree, Mandan, Winnebago and English. He covered most of the North West and worked St Paul, Minnisota. He will eventually settle, and died 1895 Red Lake Falls, Minnesota. Eight children are recorded Daniel, Jean, Pierre, Genevieve, Rosalie, Marguerite, Leon and Elsie. Some of the confusion is because Pierre Bottineau grew up among his mothers People the Ojibwa. See 1810.
The American, General McComb, visited Sault Ste Marie and obtained a canoe from (I)-John Johnson (1762?-1828 or 1742-1830?) to go into Lake Superior. Upon reaching Point Aux Pins, the Ojibwa took great offence in McCombe's canoe flying the American flag. A shot is fired, just missing the General, and Leclair attempted to prevent further attacks upon the General. General McComb immediately ordered a retreat. It is noteworthy that the Ojibwa had served notice that they were a Sovereign Nation and had not been conquered. The American's, as a result, develop a different tactic in dealing with the Ojibwa Nation.
This year started out poorly for the Hudson Bay Company as John Clarke in Athabasca, recklessly short of provisions and faced with the hostility of the dominant Canadians, lost sixteen men through starvation. John Clarke was also one of those men who practiced serial marriages, changing wives when he moved.
This year began, what some historians refer to as the Selkirk War, but is more properly an English War. Where tragedy and death were seen on a scale unprecedented in the fur trade. Where before, even the sternest competition and most violent intimidation had stopped short of killings, on any scale. General Cuthbert Grant (1793-1854), a Scottish Cree or Assiniboine Metis of the North West Company and the elected Canadian Captain General of the Metis Nation, had a mandate to drive out the foreign British Hudson Bay Company. On May 8, 1816, at Grande Rapids, the Hudson Bay man, Colin Robertson, and his five boat loads of men became prisoners of war. Robertson was considered a man of imagination- acid, partisan, full of silly boasting and egotism. General Cuthbert Grant (1793-1854) escorts the Robertson contingent to prison at Fort William, Lake Superior. The Saskatchewan River blockade stopped and searched every British craft, taking all foreign officers to Fort William. British commerce completely stopped on the Saskatchewan River.
Never was the Hudson Bay Company danger so great. William Shaw is collecting all the Half-breeds (Metis) and has ordered them to prepare the field. God only knows the result.
At this time the Metis culture was divided between the French Metis culture and the English Half-breed (Metis) culture, who were the minority. Some argue that the current Metis culture resulted from the Battle of Seven Oaks when the French and English mixed bloods defeated the English invasion. Others suggest it wasn't until the Fort Garry resistance of 1869-70 and/or the 1885 Batoche resistance movements. The Metis culture consisting of unique values, concepts, attitudes, behavior are but transitional stages as the Metis adopted what they conceder the best from their Indian, French and English cultures. This culture was evolving long before the Battle of Seven Oaks and continues to this very day.
The 1835 census lists Louis Godreau born 1816 Red River Lands with wife and no children. This 1835 census also lists Louis Goudreau born 1816 Native (Red River Land) who is married, no children, and living with the Parenteau family.
The American Fur Company assumed most of the South West Fur Companies business south and west of the Great Lakes, the upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. They established a facility at Sault Ste Marie called the St. Mary's Outfit.
Frontenac, the first steamship on Lake Ontario, went into service. The American Government passed a law that only licensed American traders are to trade south of Lake Superior. The aggressive American Fur Company, by the end of the year, forced the Canadian traders from all of their old trading posts in Minnesota. Those Canadian Traders in Michigan and Minnesota who wished to remain in business, became American citizens and joined the American Fur Company, or went to Pembina on the Red River or other points west. On June 7, the Columbia District of Canada is divided into two parts. James Keith, (1784-1851), a North West Company partner, is in charge of Fort George and the Coastal District. Donald McKenzie (1783-1851) is in charge of the Inland District. He returned to the Columbia River and formed the Snake River Hunting Brigade that included a number of Iroquois, Abanakees and Hawaiians.
The schooner 'Invincible' is lost on Whitepoint, Lake Superior.
Donald McIntosh (1773-?), son of John McIntosh, Donald, a partner of the North West Company, took charge of Fort Michipicoten. (I)-Thomas Douglas (1771-1820) of Red River had him arrested this year. (II)-Miles Macdonell (1767-1828) of the H.B.C. complained that the North West Company was most severe upon him whilst he was their prisoner, but in McIntosh's opinion, not more so than he richly deserves.
Selkirk's Swiss mercenaries, named the de Meuron regiment, are disbanded after the Selkirk war, and 353 officers and men stayed behind in Canada. Most were unused to the hardships of pioneer life and returned to Europe or left for the United States.
Fort Crawford is built on the Fox Indian mound at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.
Indiana was admitted to the United States.
Pittsburgh was incorporated on the site of Fort Pitt.
The permanent population of Green Bay (Wisconsin) is 1,000 of which 700 are Metis.
January: Cumberland House, birth (II)-George Kennedy, Metis, baptized August 12, 1821, Norway House son (I)-Alexander Kennedy (1781-1832) employed HBC (1798-1829) and, Aggathas (Agatha, Aggatha) aka Mary Isbister and Bear (1782-1863), Cree Metis:
February 26: Florissant, Missouri, marriage Alexis Brisset to (III)-Eulalie Marechal, Metis, daughter (II)-Francois Marechal, Metis b-1751 and Therese Riviere; 2nd marriage Eulalie January 20, 1835 Florissant, Missouri Guillaume Hoguel.
March: The H.B.C. appeared to have two leaders at this time, Colin Robertson who in 1815 brought the refugees back to point Douglas, and (II)-Robert Semple Jr. (1776-1816) who accompanied the most recent immigrants, neither man being very conciliatory. Robertson was holding (I)- Duncan Cameron a Scot (1764-1848) as a prisoner, promising to take him to London to face charges. (II)-Robert Semple Jr.(1776/77-1816) Governor-in-chief dismantled Fort Gibraltar and floated the logs down river to reinforce Fort Douglas. Both actions were considered inflammatory by the Half-breeds and Metis.
April: The bishop of Quebec has been considering sending two priests to visit Lake Superior and Lake La Plue (Rainy Lake) this season to attend to the needs of the returning North West Company men. He was advised that the majority of Red River, at this time, are not in the service of the North West Company, nor in any other company, and they also require servicing.
June: This month saw snow in many places in Eastern America. Some locations, during the blizzard, received twenty inches of snow, and the killing frost destroyed crops. Mount Tambora in Java had erupted on April 15, 1815, covering the earth with ash and causing a world wide drop in temperature. People recalled this year as the year without a summer.
June 1: Cuthbert Grant led 49 Half-breeds (Metis), including Pierre Falcon, across the river, attacking and taking Brandon House. They raised their flag, a horizontal figure eight (8) on a blue field. They demanded that (I)-Peter Fidler (1769-1822) open the stores. When he refused, they broke the door and plundered the warehouse, confiscating the horses.
June: James Grant, b-1795 sends Morrison and Eustace Roussain; at the head of assembled Ojibwa warriors and Metis, to Rainy Lake and the Red River against the Selkirk supporters, as was ordered by the N.W.C.'s McLeod, Henry and McLoughlin.
June 30: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that P. Rocheblave sent Joseph Daneau & Francois Surprenant for three years into the North West.
Summer: The 1815 eruption of Mt. Tabbpra in Indonesia last year caused a cloud of ash that turned summer into winter in Europe and New England. It was called the year without summer this year.
July 1: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that P. Rocheblave sent Oliver Desjerdains for three years into the North West.
July 18: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that Joseph & John sent John B. Yoph to the Prairie.
July 31: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that Joseph St. Jean sent Jacques Laurant to the Prairie.
July 31: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that D. Graham sent Baptiste Yoph to Red River.
July 31: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that Louis Marneau (possible Garneau???) posted Alexis Lavalle to Mackinac.
June 19: At Frog Plains, Red River the battle of seven oaks occurred when a contingent of twenty five (or 27) British invaders from the Fort foolishly attacked (some say challenged) Metis General Cuthbert Grant's Canadian Mounted Cavalry. The British were led by (II)-Robert Semple Jr. (1776/77-1816) from Boston who was the Governor-in-chief- of the Hudson Bay Company. He was a stupid arrogant man who had no understanding of the North West nor the Metis Nation. He had been warned by the Indians and some British settlers not to mess with the Metis. The Canadian contingent included: Michael Bourassa, Antoine Houle, four Natives, six retired French Canadians and fifty two Metis. The battle lasted a matter of minutes. The encounter resulted in the death of one Metis and twenty British men, including British Governor (II)-Robert Simple Jr.. Six of the British contingent survived to fight another day. The Metis Nation again cleared all British squatters and settled into a siege mentality. A number of captured Canadian regulars were later taken to Fort York, charged with murdering Simple, and were then acquitted. On June 21, the majority of the British H.B.C Red River settlement had abandoned the colony, being given an escort by General Cuthbert for a safe departure. Some had moved south to the St. Paul region to avoid the conflict. Fort Douglas was turned over to Archibald McLellan as commander. Pierre Falcon rode with General Grant and recorded this account of the incident: The Bois Brules arrived Frog Plain taking three prisoners from Orkney who came to rob our country. The English are coming to attack us. We surrounded the band of grenadiers. They are immoble! They are horseless! We have acted honourably. We sent an ambassador. Governor, could you spare us a moment? We want to talk to you. The Governor, enraged, tells his soldiers to fire! The English fired the first shot. The Governor behaving like an Emperor, Acts cruelly. Having seen the Bois-Brules go by, He tries to frighten us. He made a mistake; he got himself and many of his grenadiers killed. We killed nearly all his men. Only 4-5 escaped. From mound to mound the English were falling, the Bois Brules were shouting for joy. Let us sing to the glory of all the Bois Brules (Metis)! Many H.B.C. settlers long remembered the deadly skill of the Metis gunmanship vs. the English's pitiful showing.
July 19: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that Peter Grignon & R. Grignon engaged a party to Green Bay (Wisconsin)
July 30: Mackinac Notary Book 1806-1818 recorded that David Graham engaged John Yoph to winter Red River.
August 10: Moose Factory, birth (II)-Elizabeth Swanson, Metis daughter (I)-William Swanson (1794-1865) and (II)-Anne (Nancy) Brown, Metis d-before 1835.
September 9: Selkirk's army captured James Grant (b-1795), his clerks Morrison and Roussain and Metis at the Sandy Lake Post. Grant Roussain and Morrison are taken as prisoners to Fort William, which Selkirks army had previously taken.
October: James Grant (b-1795) escapes captivity at Sault Ste Marie and goes to Washington to complain to the U.S. Government of the Selkirk rebels being on American soil.
October 30: A Commission of Inquiry is appointed to mediate between the North West Company, the Hudson Bay Company and Selkirk. William Coltman and Jogn Fletcher are appointed Commissioners.
December 11: Indiana became the 19th State of the Union.
December 16: Morrison and Roussain arrive back at Fond du Lac where Morrison takes charge of the Fond du Lac Department..
1817
The Scots brought violence into the fur trade business. The Scots reveled in injustice and corrupt practices. The Scot run North West Company is rooted in violence and intimidation during this period. So reports William Coltman in 1817.
North West birth Marguerite Berthelet, Metis daughter Toussaint Berthelet aka Savoyard dit Berthelet, Savoyard, b-1780, and Marguerite Saulteux
(I)-James Bird aka James Curtis (1773-1856) employed HBC (1788-1824) is acting Governor of Rupert's Land (1817-1818).
Francois Borbonna, Metis, b-1817, arrived 1821 Sault Ste Marie son of a British Indian, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as descended from British Indians.
John Baptiste Boureseau, Ottawa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1835 Grand River, son Louis Boureseau but does not live with him, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
English River (NW Saskatchewan) birth Joseph Bouvier, Metis (1817-1877) son Jean Baptiste Bouvier Sr. and Maeguerite Laraute, Metis both of English River; married Catherine Beaulieu, Metis, daughter of likely Francois Beaulieu (1771-1872) and Indian or Metis Woman.
Louis (Bloss) Belhumeur aka Belhumeure dit Bellehumeur (1799-1821) employed NWC Lac La Pluie (1817-1821), HBC (1821-1827) being transferred to Athabasca (1824-1827)
Buguah, listed red, born 1817, died November 11, 1907, Sault Ste Marie, Michigan.
Bazil Charboneau, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1826, St. Ignace, son Louis Charbeau, Ojibwa Metis, and Susan Ojibwa Metis b-1806, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Guillaume Deau is a guide for the North West Company on Lake Huron.
Polly Drew, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817 Sault Ste Marie, illegitimate daughter Mde Plaint, Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
(II)-Andrew Drips (1789-1860), 1817 joined St. Louis Missouti milita, 1819 associated with fur trader Joseph Perkins, 1820 joined the Missouri Fur Company, (1830-1840) crossed the divide with the American Pacific Company and (1842-1846) was Indian Agent for the Upper Missouri. Andrew Drips had two wives. The first was Margaret (Mary)/Macompemay b-1846), an Otoe native, whom he married in 1823 in Bellevue [Nebraska]. Their children were:
Charles Drips Metis b-1824
Jane Drips Metis b-1827
Katherine Drips Metis b-1832
William Drips Metis b-1834
After the death of Margaret, he married Louise Geroux Metis , mixed French and Sioux. Their children were:
Andrew Jackson Drips Metis Drips Metis b-1850
Thomas Drips Metis
Anna Drips Metis
Julia Drips Metis
George Drips Metis b-1857
Elizabeth Farling, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1827 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Does not live with parents.
Joseph Flammand, Metis, b-1817, N.W. son Joseph Flammand., Metis, b-1792 Canada and Marguerite Moreau, b-1797; married Nanette Bousquet, b-1820 N.W. daughter Louis Bousquet and Marie.
(I)-Richard Hardisty Sr. (1792-1865) joined HBC (1817-1860) Moose, Ruperts River, etc. Albany, married (II)-Margaret Sutherland Metis (1802-1876) daughter (I)-John Sutherland and Metis/Indian widow of Donald McPherson; (II)-Margaret was living Lake Nipissing with sister (II)-Charlotte Sutherland Metis in 1836 who married (I)-Thomas Corcoran (1794-1865).
(II)-Hanna Hardisty Metis (1820-1894) married 1845 Walter Faries
(II)-William Lucas Hardisty Metis (1822-1881) married 1857 Mary Ann Allen
(II)-Isabella Sophia Hardisty Metis (1825-1913) married Esquimeaux Bay 1851 James Grant, divorced 1852; 2nd married 1853 Donald Alexander Smith (1820-1944)
(II)-Joseph Woodsworth Hardisty Metis (1828-1908) married 1873 Rupert's House Elizaberth Kate Dance (1846-1896)
(II)-Richard Charles Hardisty Metis (1831-1889) married Fort Mistassnia Elizabeth Victoria McDougall (1850-1929)
(II)-Mary F. Hardisty Metis b-1833 married 1851 Ruperts House Joseph McPherson
(II)-George Hardisty Metis b-1836 Lake Nipissing
(II)-Henry Hardisty Metis (1839-1876) born Matawagamingue
(II)-Thomas Hardisty Metis (1842-1875) born Matawagamingue
(II)-Charlotte Clara Hardisty Metis b-1844 Matawagamingue
Michel Isidore Grandbois, b-1817, Red River des Metis Settlement, d-1870 son Michel Grandbois, b-1781, Quebec and Marguerite Landry; married, 1843, Genevieve Dauphine.
Mrs. Pierre Gronda, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1826 St. Ignace wife Pierre Gronda, Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
(I)-John Isbister (Isbester) Sr. (1796-1883+) joined HBC (1817-1859) Moose River, Cumberland Oxford House, Nelson River a freeman Red River 1859. Married and bapt-1842 likely Norway House, (II)-Frances (Fanny) Sinclair Metis b-1813/1818 likely York Factory daughter (I)-William Sinclair aka (Essessepow) (1766-1818) and Margaret Nahoway Cree. Some claimed Fanny is 1/2 sister to James of Red River and sister of Ben but neither is recorded HBC record for William
(II)-Betsey Isbister Metis b-1831, Oxford House, bapt 1842 Norway House
(II)-John Isbister Metis Jr. b-1832, Oxford House, bapt 1842 Norway House, d-1864, joined HBC (1849-1864)
(II)-James Isbister Metis b-1833, Oxford House, bapt 1842 Norway House, d-1915, HBC (1853-1870)
(II)-William Isbister Metis b-1835, Oxford House, bapt 1842 Norway House, married (II)-Marie Anne Begg Metis daughter (I)-Charles Begg and Catherine Spence Metis, HBC (1852-1895)
(II)-David Isbister Metis b-1837, Nelson River, bapt 1842 Norway House,
(II)-Adam Isbister Metis b-1839, Norway House/Oxford House, bapt 1842 Norway House/Red River
(II)-Fanny Isbister Metis b-1842, Norway House, bapt 1842 Red River
(II)-Mary Isbister Metis b-1844, Norway/Oxford House, bapt 1844 Red River
(II)-Robert Isbister Metis b-1848, Norway House, bapt 1850 Norway House
(II)-Ellen Isbister Metis b-1850, Norway House,
(II)-Alexander Isbister Metis b-1852, Norway House, bapt 1853
(II)-George Barnston Isbister Metis b-1855, bapt 1856
(II)-Benjamin Isbister Metis b-1857, bapt-1859
Angelique Jellee, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1833 Mackinac, daughter Joseph & Angelique Boadwine Ojibwa Metis b-1798 and wife Bazil Jellee
(I)-George Johnstone (Johnston) Metis (1797-1873) joined HBC (1817-1831) Moose District & Southern Department, married (III)-Frances Thomas Metis (1815-1869) daughter (II)-Thomas Thomas b-1746 and Sarah Indian
(II)-Martha Johnstone Metis (1827-1845) bapt 1837
(II)-Archibald David Johnstone Metis (1829-1910) married 1854 Margaret Lambert b-1832 daughter Michel Lambert and Margaret Favel (6 children recorded 1870)
(II)-Mary Johnstone Metis b-1835 married Charles Henderson son Peter Henderson and Charlotte Garston or Yorkstone
(II)-George Johnstone Metis (1836-1925) married Catherine Mordo (Murdo) b-1843 daughter Thomas Murdo & Catherine Sinclair (5 Children recorded 1870)
(II)-William Johnstone Metis b-1837 married 1859 Emilie (Amelia) Brown b-1840/43 daughter John Brown and Nancy Richards (2 children recorded 1870)
(II)-Edward Johnstone Metis (1840-1855)
(II)-Charles Johnstone Metis b-1843 married Elizabeth McDonald daughter Donald McDonald and Nancy Ferguson b-1833
(III)-Ann Johnstone Metis b-1867
John Johnson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817 Sault Ste Marie son of brother of George Johnson and Susan Johnson, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Francois (Bazil) Juisseaume aka Juissiaume (Jusseaux) likely Metis joined NWC (1817-1821) & HBC (1821-1823) all at Red River but was noted at Lac La Pluie under name Frs Jusseaux.
Joseph La Framboise Metis (1805-1856) son Joseph La Framboise (1765-1806) and Madaline Marcotte, Metis (1780-1846) establishes a trading post near the Black Hills of Dakota. The trading post was located where
Pierre Charles Langlois from Montreal is believed to be a Metis is employed by the HBC since 1817 and went north to Pugent Sound and Fort Langley (B,C.) with Dr. Tolmie in 1832. He 1st married Louise Clallam a Salishan, (1815-1842), then 2nd married Marguerite Sassete (Shasta) and they moved to French Prairie, Oregon Territory.
Hyacinthe Larvie (Larve-Larivee) b-1794 joined NWC (1817-1821) Red River & HBC (1821-1838) Saskatchewan District.
Pierre Coignat (Carignan) dit Trouch Leveille (1783-1876) born Baile St. Paul, Quebec, settled 1817 Red River and married (III)-Julie MacKenzie Metis b-1789 daughter (II)-Alexander MacKenzie (1763-1820) son (I)-Kenneth MacKenzie of New York joined NWC 1779-1812) and Marie an Inuit girl
John Johnson Leveille Metis (1852-1909) married 1873 Elizabeth Breland
Pierre Leveille Jr. Metis (1829-1884) married Geneviere Fagnant (1834-1841)
Marie Louis Leveille b-1826
Louison Leveille b-1828
Jean Baptiste Leveille b-1838
Francois Leveille b-1839
Anonyme Leveille b-1841
Joseph Leveille b-1843
Nancy Leveille March 4, 1844
Gabriel Leveille born December 17, 1845
(I)-Donald Manson (1798/1800-1880) Joined HBC (1817-1857) assigned (1817-1819) York Factory, 1819-1822) Ile-a la Crosse, then Saskatchewan & Columbia Districts
Manuel Lisa (1772-1826) first wife Polly an Indian died this year.
Swampy Lake, headwaters of the Hyes River birth (II)-Ellen Logan, Metis died before 1866 daughter (I)-Robert Logan employed NWC (1801-1814) Sault Ste Marie and Mary Saulteaux Indian woman d-1838
Paul Louisignan, Ottawa Metis, b-1817, Mackinac son Joseph Louisignon, Ottawa Metis and Ottawa Metis Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Lives in Detroit.
Rupert's Land; birth (III)-Janet Jordon Matheson McKay, Metis daughter (II)-William McKay, Metis (1793/95-1887) and Julia Chalifoux; other children mentioned are (III)-William McKay, Metis, (III)-John Dougald McKay, Metis, (III)-Joseph McKay (1832?-1862), (III)-Mary McKay Metis, and (III)-Anne McKay, Metis.
(I)-Donald Manson (1798-1880) was employed HBC (1817-1858)
Mary McGulpin, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817, Mackinac daughter George McGulpin Sr., Ojibwa Metis, b-1762, Mackinac and Ojibwa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
(I)-Roderick McKenzie Jr. (1791-1830), employed HBC (1811-1830) married about 1817, likely Athabasca Department, (II)-Sally Sutherland, Metis (1777-1827) daughter of (I)-James Sutherland (1751-1797) and Indian Woman.
Joseph Mercredi, Metis, is born at an unknown location but spent most of his life in the Athabasca Region.
(I)-William Nourse (1794-1855) employed HBC (1817-1848) married (II)-Anne Corrigal, Metis daughter (I)-Jacob Corrigal (1772-1844) and Mary Indian (1788-1823). Recorded children,
(II)-Elizabeth Nourse, Metis,
(II)-Catherine Corrigal, Metis ,
(II)-Mary Corrigal, Metis ,
(II)-Joseph Corrigal, Metis ,
(II)-John Corrigal, Metis ,
(II)-Charles Corrigal, Metis ,
(II)-William Corrigal, Metis
Verlina Paspater, Ottawa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1834 Grand River, sister Emily B. Smith Ottawa Metis b-1814, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
(I)-John Pritchard (1777-1855) is in Montreal as witness in Colin Robertson's trial, he was acquitted in 1818
I'lle a La Crosse, birth (VI)-Louis Riel, Metis son (V)-Jean Baptiste Riel son (IV)-Jean Baptiste Riel and French Metisse.
Colin Robertson of Hudson Bay Company whose bullying commands and brawls echoed from Labrador to New Caledonia. He was ice-bound at Moose Factory, on James Bay when news of the Nor'westers success on Red River, reached him. .
Moose Factory, birth, (II)-Harriet Stewart, Metis b-1817/1818, died 1910, daughter (I)-David Ramsay Stewart (Stuart) b-1786 employed HBC (1810-1823) and (II)-Harriet Vincent, Metis b-1798: married Thomas Thomas b-1842.
Laurent Quintal (1799-1860) of Montreal of the NWC (1817-1821) is working the English River District of Saskatchewan.
Polygamy is on the decline among the Hudson Bay Company employees and this year 1817 (I)-Thomas Vincent (1776-1832) Governor of New Brunswick House, Southern Department, first wife (II)-Jane Renton, Metis, (1782-1858) daughter (I)-William Renton (1754-1798) and Indian woman, objects to his second marriage to Jane Sutherland daughter James Sutherland d-1832. Charges were laid against (I)-Thomas Vincent "that you have separated from the woman with whom you have been living & by whom you have had a family of children, & have taken another man's wife to live with you". He was demoted from Governor to Chief Factor sending a message to other employees..
The North West Company, some time prior to this date, established a trading post at Batchawana Bay on the north shore of Lake Superior, about 25 miles north of Sault Ste Marie. Some reasoned it was because their post at Sault Ste Marie had been put to the torch in the war of 1812.
The rebel, (I)-Thomas Douglas (1771-1820), commanding his Swiss and German army, took Fort William, releasing the Canadian/British prisoners of war, Jean Baptist Lagimodiere, Colin Robertson, and company. The army then marched on taking Fort Douglas on January 10, 1817. The Scots, who previously retreated to Norway house, return to the Metis Red River Territory. This rebel European army camped on the east side of the Red River, near the mouth of the Assiniboine River. Eventually, slow moving Canadian Law would catch up to the Scottish criminal, (I)-Thomas Douglas of Selkirk (1771-1820).
Madame Madaline La Framboise dit Marcotte, (1780-1846) a successful Metis fur trader of Makinac, departed for Montreal with her Indian crew to bring her furs to market. She always wore traditional Indian clothing.
Joseph Larocque Metis b-1802 son Joseph Felix Larocque Metis b-1786/87; of the Northwest Company led 40 men mostly Iroquois into the Northwest to trade.
Laurent Sauve (Laplante) (1794-1858) from aux Deboules (Deboulie), Quebec, joined NWC (1817-1821) & HBC 1821 Mackenzie River, 1823 New Caledonia (1826-1844) Columbia District, settled Willamette aka French Prairie. Laurent Sauvé had two successive wives and two children. He first married native Josephte, Tlalam/Tsik, d-1848, by whom he had two children,
Catherine Sauve Metis (1839-1852)
John Sauve Metis d-1848).
Following her death, around May, 1848, he married Françoise Walla Walla/Cayouse on April 9, 1850, widow of Thomas Tawakon and Paul Builbault.
Laurent Quintal (1799-1861) from St. Constant, (Montreal) LaPrairie or St. Pierre, Quebec, joined NWC 1817-1821) English River (Ontario) & HBC (1821-1836) Ile-a-la-Crosse (Saskatchewan) (1823-1936) Columbia District, settled Willamette (La Prairie) 1841. Laurent Quintal had one wife and ten recorded children. On July 9, 1839 he formalized his marriage to Marie Anne, Nipissing b-1816 a daughter of Louis Nipissing and a woman of the country
(VII)-Louis Riel Metis (1844-1885) born Red River son (VI)-Louis Riel (1817-1864) born Il-a-la-Crosse HBC (1837-1840) Lac La Pluie (Ontario) and Julie Lagimodiere; married 1882 Margurite Monet dit Bellehumeur a Ojibwa woman
(VIII) Jean Riel Metis (1882-1908) married Marie Angelique Riel (1883-1897)
(VIII) unnamed Riel Metis died young
(VIII) Male Riel Metis (1885-1885)
(I)-Thomas Douglas of Selkirk (1771-1820) addressing his Hudson Bay Camp north of the Metis Red River Colony of the North. It was half way between the mouth of the Red River and the Red River Metis Town and was known as Selkirk's Town.
Chief Peguis of the Ojibwa is rebuked by Bostonnais Pangman, spokesperson for the Metis, for ignoring the fact, in treaty signing, that the Metis had as much claim to the land as the Cree and Ojibwa, and implying the Metis might eradicate the Ojibwa from the region. This would be a very weak threat, as the Metis were deeply intertwined through marriage with the Ojibwa over the past two hundred years. Regardless of the shortcomings of the treaty, the real beginning of the Red River Colony should be marked from this date, and the prior colony should be referred to as the H.B.C. colony of the Red River.
The treaty promised ammunition, tobacco and provisions. The alleged treaty remains unconsummated due to lack of payment. The pretext is that the Natives had a hand in the recent murder of a Sioux at Fort Garry. There can be no doubt that neither the British, by first right of possession, nor money-master (I)-Thomas Douglas (1771-1820), by treaty, legally acquired the Metis Nation. (I)-Thomas Douglas (1771-1820) and the British issued land claims to Scottish squatters which were marked out in river front lots, three to ten chains in width, consistent with the French system of the past forty years in the region. The English would later challenge the Metis river lot system with no regard to the Scottish, French or British-Hudson Bay Company common law president. The English are notorious for changing the rules of the game, during play, to their advantage.
Red River Metis Settlement 
This is a drawing of a small section of the Red River Metis settlement. It is noteworthy that when there is a reference to Red River, it covered the whole region from Pembina to Lake Winnipeg.
Due to the warring factions, the people are late in sowing grain in the Red River Territory. The little grain which was sown was damaged by early frost. Many Scots joined the bison (buffalo) hunt to avoid consuming what little seed they had for next year. Selkirk, after being badgered by the squatters, set aside two pieces of land for a church and school, but had no intentions of following through on his promise in Sutherlandshire to provide a Presbyterian Clergyman who would speak Gaelic.
The settlers, however, built a church next year. The Ojibwa, due to pressure, gave up all their lands in Ohio this year. Most of this proud Nation was now on lands west and north of the Mississippi. They still held north west Ontario, Lake Superior and Lake Michigan but were slowly losing lake Huron.
The village of Birsay (Orkney Town), Red River contained mostly the Orknay Freeman of the H.B.C. (I)-Peter Fidler (1769-1822) suggested they were servants who had been dismissed from service for various misdemeanors and acts of insubordination. As examples, John Lyons was set free in August of 1816 for refusing to accompany James Inkster on a trip to the Indian Elbow on the upper Assiniboine; Humphrey Favel was set free on account of his bad behaviour to John McLeod at Red River in 1815; (II)-Thomas (Tom) Favel (Favell) Metis (1780-1848) was released because of his refusal to go with (II)-Peter Fidler (1769-1822) to Jack River at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg; (I)-Magnus Spence b-1764/65, in service since 1783, became free in 1821. (II)-Jack Spence, Metis son of (I)-Magnus Spence b-1764/65, was sent to explore Red River for possible sites for an Orkney Colony. He selected the Birsay site, three miles above the White Horse Plain, or twenty-two miles above the forks.
The fifth President of the United States, Monroe, takes office and stays until 1825. One of his decedents claimed to be a descendent of Monroe who married a Richard Garneau. President Monroe, however, had no known male decedents and if this claim is valid, then it was outside marriage.
The North West Company dragged a schooner over St. Mary's rapids into Lake Superior. John Clarke returned to the scene of his infamous ordeal of the winter of 1815-1815 in the Athabasca. He is arrested three times, but manages to retain his foothold in Athabasca until reinforcements arrive next year.
Alexis Bailly, a trader, brought 60 voyageurs from Montreal to the mouth of St. Peters, later called the Minnesota River, to create Mendotta, Minnesota.
A French ship at Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island received a report that 4 Americans are living at Tchinouk (Chinook) behind Cape Flattery and three are named Clark, Kean and Lewis. Some suggest this is a confused report of the Louis and Clark expedition.
Andre Lachadelle and Louis Pighette du Dupre are two of 18 trappers who arrived in Astoria (Fort George) Oregon, Territory, 7 died on the way.
The privateer (I)-Jean Lafitte (Laffite) (1780/81-1825/26) a French/Spanish mixed blood established the settlement of Campeche, Texas on Galveston Island. The village contained houses for the pirates, a large slave market, a shipyard, saloons, pool halls, gambling houses and Lafitte's own mansion called the Maison Rouge. One of Laffitte's men wrote that gold doubloons were as plentiful as biscuits. General James Long attempted to recruit Lafitte to wrestle Texas from Mexico but he refused. As a result the United States were determined to dislodge Laffitte from Texas. Laffite relocated to Mungeres Island, Yucantan.
Simon Fraser (1776-1862) who joined NWC 1792 Montreal and became a partner in 1801. Is assigned to head up the Red River Department.
Thomas Petit b-1797 Yamaska, died Red River. He joined HBC (1817 or 1820-1825) east of Rockies and (1828-1830) Columbia District, retired 1835 Red River. He married May 31, 1835 Ile a Crosse, English River, Saskatchewan, Jeune Vieve Cadotte an adopted daughter Lawrence Cadotte, they had a boy and girl under 16 yrs old.
The USA Congress passed a Protectionist law that barred foreign traders from USA Territories. The Americans discovered they could not compete with the Canadians in the NWC, HBC and with independent fur traders. It became an American tradition to impose laws, regulations, tariffs to limit free trade. North America was built on the principle of Free Trade by the native peoples but the USA would violate this fundamental principle for greed and entitlement. This effectively shut down Mackinac to free trade and allowed (I)-John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) a monopoly with his American Fur Company. It would also bar Canadians from part of the Columbia District in the future that included Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.
February 10: Moose Lake, birth (II)-George Flett, Metis son (I)-George Flett (1775-1850) and (II)-Margaret (Peggy) Whitford, Metis b-about 1798
February 10: Fort Fraser, New Caledonia birth Sally Harmon Metis died May 24, 1843 Shelburne, Vermont, daughter Daniel Williams Harmon born February 19, 1778 Bennington, Vermont died April 1843 Sault au Recollets, Quebec and Lizzette Laval (Duval) Metis born 1790 Rocky Mountain House died February 12, 1861 Sault au Recollet, Quebec.
February 27: Moose Factory, birth (II)-Mary Fletcher Baioley, Metis christened April 6, 1817, Moose Factory, daughter (I)-Joseph Beioley aka Bewley (1785-1859) from London and unknown Indian woman.
March 5: Halkett's House, birth (II)-Collette Fidler, Metis, daughter (I)-Peter Fidler (1769-1822) and Mary a Swampy Cree (1771-1826); married George Irvine.
June 15: Jean Baptiste Rivard, born June 15, 1817, Green Lake, Saskatchewan, son Jean Baptiste Rivard, b-1772 and Therese Belanger, b-1778; married Marie Ouellette, b-1827, died 1867 Red River.
July : Ross Cox retired from the fur trade in Columbia District and met Tom McKay from Red River on his way to Columbia District.
July 12: John Ridout (1799-1817) died as a result of a duel with Samuel Petrus Jarvis in Toronto.
Francois Lacrois (Lacroix), the son of a slave, is recorded at Mackinac. Mrs. John Dousman is also recorded at Mackinac.
July 18: (I)-Thomas Douglas (1771-1820), or the money-master as the Natives called him, backed by his rebel army, signed a Red River treaty with the Cree and Ojibwa for good conduct and for use (loan) of Indian lands. Those who signed at the Metis Red River, what the English consider as lands on the Red River and Assiniboine Rivers, were: Selkirk, Thomas Thomas, James Bird, F Matthey, P.D. Orsonnios, Miles McDonnell, Jean Baptiste Chs DeLorimer, Louis Nolin (interpretor) Matchie Whewab Le Sonnant, Mechkadettinnah La Robe Noire, Kataguskebinoa L'Homme Noir, Pegwiss, Ouckidoat and Premier. The British say the inclusion of the Ojibwa in the treaty infuriated the Cree. The British contend that the Ojibwa are latecomers to the region, brought here by the Canadian North West Company some thirty years ago. This was an intentional British tactic to turn the Native brothers against the Metis and Nor'wester. There doesn't appear to be any basis for this comment other than trouble making. It is noteworthy that the Cree are also late comers to this region and that the former peoples were the Blackfoot. The Snake People (English) had extensively documented the displacement of the Cree by the Ojibwa in northern Ontario. They knew very well that both people had arrived at Red River about the same time, and that the English intent was to cause trouble between the related clans.
October 8: birth Carrie LaPointe, Indian, died July 7, 1927, Sault St. Marie, Michigan
METIS HISTORY: Return to METIS 1800-1849 index