M (James Bond)
| M | |
|---|---|
| James Bond character | |
| First appearance | Casino Royale (1953) |
| Last appearance | Carte Blanche (2011) |
| Created by | Ian Fleming |
| Portrayed by | Bernard Lee (1962–1979) John Huston (1967) Robert Brown (1983–1989) Edward Fox (1983) Judi Dench (1995–present) |
| Information | |
| Aliases | M |
| Occupation | Head of Secret Service / MI6 |
| Nationality | British |
M is a fictional character in Ian Fleming's James Bond series; the character is the Head of Secret Intelligence Service—also known as MI6. Fleming based the character M on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence. Primary amongst these was Rear Admiral John Godfrey, who was Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division.
M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-three films, with a twenty-fourth due for release on 26 October 2012. In the Eon Productions series of films, M has been portrayed by three actors: Bernard Lee, Robert Brown and Judi Dench, who is the current incumbent; in the two independent productions, M has been played by John Huston and Edward Fox.
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[edit] Background
Fleming based much of M's character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey, Director of Naval Intelligence of the Royal Navy, and Fleming's superior during World War II. After Fleming's death, Godfrey complained "He turned me into that unsavoury character, M."[1]
Other possible inspirations include Lieutenant Colonel Sir Claude Dansey, deputy head of MI6 and head of the wartime Z network, who achieved different interpretations of his character from those who knew him: Malcolm Muggeridge thought him "the only professional in MI6",[2] whilst Hugh Trevor-Roper considered Dansey to be "an utter shit, corrupt, incompetent, but with a certain low cunning".[2] A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight, head of MI5, who signed his memos as "M" and whom Fleming knew well.[1] The tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who would sign his initial "C" with green ink.[3]
Another possibility for the model of M was William Melville, an Irishman who became head of the Secret Service Bureau, the forerunner to both MI5 and MI6: Melville was referred to within government circles as M.[4] Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled an assassination plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee.[5] Fleming's biographer John Pearson also hypothesised that Fleming's characterisation of M reflects memories of his mother:
There is reason for thinking that a more telling lead to the real identity of M lies in the fact that as a boy Fleming often called his mother M. ... While Fleming was young, his mother was certainly one of the few people he was frightened of, and her sternness toward him, her unexplained demands, and her remorseless insistence on success find a curious and constant echo in the way M handles that hard-ridden, hard-killing agent, 007.
[edit] Novels
Fleming's third Bond novel, Moonraker, establishes M's initials as "M**** M*******"[7] and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles. In the final novel of the series, The Man with the Golden Gun, M's full identity is revealed as Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG;[8] Messervy had been appointed to head of MI6 after his predecessor had been assassinated at his desk.[9]
A naval theme runs throughout Fleming's description of M and his surroundings, and his character was described by journalist and Bond scholar Ben Macintyre as "every inch the naval martinet".[8] Macintyre also notes that in his study of Fleming's work, Kingsley Amis outlined that way Fleming had described M's voice, being: angry (three times); brutal, cold (seven times); curt, dry (five times); gruff (seven times); stern, testy (five times).[10]
Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of short stories, Fleming provided a number of details relating to M's background and character. In On Her Majesty's Secret Service it is revealed that M's pay as head of the Secret Service is £6,500 a year, (£101,396 in 2012 pounds[11]) £1,500 of which comes from retired naval pay.[12] Although his pay is good for the 1950s and 1960s, it is never explained how M received or can afford his membership at Blades, an upscale private club for gentlemen he frequents in London to gamble and dine. Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £100,000 (£1,559,944 in 2012 pounds[11]) in cash or gilt-edged securities.[13] Kingsley Amis noted in his study, The James Bond Dossier, that on M's salary his membership of the club would have been puzzling.[12] As a personal favour to M, the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list. M refers to it as "Infuriator" and tends only drinks it in moderate quantities unless he is in a very bad mood.[14]
Academic Paul Stock argues that M's office is a metonym for England and a stable point from which Bond departs on a mission, whilst he sees M as being an iconic representative of England and Englishness.[15]
In the first post-Fleming book, Colonel Sun, M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, and Bond goes to great lengths to rescue him.[16] The later continuation books, written by John Gardner, retain Sir Miles Messervy as M, who protects Bond from the new, less aggressive climate in the Secret Service, saying that at some point Britain will need "a blunt instrument".[17] In Gardner's final novel, COLD, M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6.[18] Continuation Bond author Raymond Benson's 1998 novel The Facts of Death continued Messervy's retirement, where he still resides in Quarterdeck.[19] The book also introduces a new M, Barbara Mawdsley.[20]
[edit] Films
[edit] Eon Productions films
[edit] Bernard Lee: 1962–1979
| M (Admiral Sir Miles Messervy) | |
|---|---|
| Character from the James Bond film series | |
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| Affiliation | MI7/MI6 |
| Portrayed by | Bernard Lee |
M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond movie, Dr. No, until Moonraker (1979).[21] In Dr. No, M refers to record in reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job, implying someone else held the job recently before him. The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7; Lee had originally said MI6, but was overdubbed with the name MI7 prior to the film's release. Earlier in the film, the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator.[22]
A number of Bond scholars have noted the Lee's interpretation of the character was in line with the original literary representation; Cork and Stutz observed that Lee was "very close to Fleming's version of the character",[23] whilst Rubin commented on the serious, efficient, no-nonsense authority figure.[24] Smith and Lavington, meanwhile, remarked that Lee was "the very incarnation of Fleming's crusty admiral."[25]
Lee died of cancer in January 1981, four months into the filming of For Your Eyes Only and before any of his scenes could be filmed.[26] Out of respect, no new actor was hired to assume the role and, instead, the script was re-written so that the character is said to be on leave, with his lines given to either his Chief of Staff Bill Tanner or the Minister of Defence, Sir Fredrick Gray.[27] Later films referred to Lee's tenure as head of the service, with a painting of him as M in MI6's Scottish headquarters during the 1999 instalment The World Is Not Enough.[23]
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- The likeness of Lee was used in the 2005 James Bond video game adaptation of From Russia With Love for the role of M by EA Games.[28]
[edit] Robert Brown: 1983–1989
| M (Admiral Marion Hargreaves) | |
|---|---|
| Character from the James Bond film series | |
 |
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| Affiliation | MI6 |
| Portrayed by | Robert Brown |
After Lee's death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in Octopussy. Brown had previously played Admiral Hargreaves in the 1977 film, The Spy Who Loved Me, and Bond scholars Steven Jay Rubin and John Cork and Collin Stutz all consider Admiral Hargreaves would have been promoted to the role of M, rather than Brown playing a different character as M.[29][30]
Pfeiffer and Worrall considered that whilst Brown looks perfect, the role had been softened from that of Lee;[31] they also considered him "far too avuncular",[32] although in Licence to Kill they remarked that he came across as being very effective as he removed Bond's double-0 licence.[33] Continuation author Raymond Benson agrees, noting that the M role was "once again under written, and Brown is not allowed the opportunity to explore and reveal his character traits";[34] Benson also considered the character to be "too nice".[35]
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[edit] Judi Dench: 1995–present
| M | |
|---|---|
| Character from the James Bond film series | |
 |
|
| Affiliation | MI6 |
| Portrayed by | Judi Dench |
After the long period between Licence to Kill and GoldenEye the producers brought in Dame Judi Dench to take over as the new M. The character is based on Stella Rimington, the real-life head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996.[36][37] For GoldenEye M is cold, blunt and unabashedly dislikes Bond, whom she calls a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur, a relic of the Cold War."[38] Tanner, her Chief of Staff, refers to her during the film as "the evil queen of numbers", given her reputation at that stage for relying on statistics and analysis rather than impulse and initiative.[39]
Dench again played M for the 2006 film Casino Royale, which rebooted the franchise. In this new continuity, M implies that she has worked for MI6 for some time, at one point muttering, "Christ, I miss the Cold War".[40] There have also been brief references to M's family: [41] in GoldenEye, she responds to Tanner's "Evil Queen of Numbers" jab by telling him that when she wants to hear sarcasm she'll listen to her children.[42] Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster suggested that Dench's casting gave the character maternal overtones in her relationship with Bond.[43]
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Dench also appeared in six James Bond video games:
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[edit] Non-Eon films
[edit] John Huston: 1967
| M | |
|---|---|
| Character from the James Bond film series | |
 |
|
| Affiliation | MI6 |
| Portrayed by | Edward Fox |
The 1967 satire Casino Royale featured not one but two Ms. The first is played by John Huston, who also co-directed.[50] In this film, M's real name is McTarry and he is accidentally killed when, in order to get Bond out of retirement, he orders the military to fire mortars at Bond's mansion when the retired spy refuses to return to duty. The first quarter of the film features Bond's subsequent visit to McTarry Castle in Scotland, on a quest to return the only piece of M's remains recovered after the attack—his bright red toupee.[51]
Subsequently, Bond—played by David Niven—becomes the new M[52] and proceeds to order that all MI6 agents, male and female, be renamed "James Bond 007" in order to confuse the enemy.[53]
[edit] Edward Fox: 1983
In 1983's Never Say Never Again Edward Fox played M as a bureaucrat, contemptuous of Bond—far removed from the relationship shared between Bernard Lee's M and Sean Connery's Bond;[54] academic Jeremy Black notes that the contempt felt by the 00 section by Fox's M was reciprocated by Connery's Bond.[38] Fox's M is also younger than any of the previous incarnations.[55] Academic James Chapman notes that whilst M considers Bond to be an out-dated relic, the Foreign Secretary orders the 00 section to be re-activated.[56]
[edit] Outside the regular Bond-continuity
Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series establishes that the 1898-era League (led by Mina Murray) was directed by Campion Bond, who served under a master called M. This M was later revealed to be none other than James Moriarty in disguise, using the League to win a gang war against Fu Manchu. After the death of Moriarty, Sherlock Holmes's older brother Mycroft Holmes assumed the role of M.[57] In the 2003 film adaptation of the series, M is played by Richard Roxburgh (who has also played Sherlock Holmes), and the character's nemesis is played by former Bond actor Sean Connery.[58] In the third The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen volume, The Black Dossier, set during a moribund and dystopian 1950s post-war Britain, the head of the British secret service, M, is Harry Lime from Graham Greene's The Third Man.[59]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Macintyre, Ben (5 April 2008). "Bond – the real Bond". The Times: p. 36.
- ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 78.
- ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 77.
- ^ Sharrock, David (2 July 2007). "M: Britain's first spymaster was an Irishman who played patriot game". The Times: p. 39.
- ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 81.
- ^ Pearson 1966, p. 235.
- ^ West 2010, p. 142.
- ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 74.
- ^ Griswold 2006, p. 47.
- ^ Amis 1966, p. 75.
- ^ a b UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
- ^ a b Amis 1966, p. 39.
- ^ Comentale, Watt & Willman 2005, p. 153.
- ^ Lejeune 1979, p. 63.
- ^ Stock 2009, p. 251.
- ^ Lane & Simpson 2002, p. 65.
- ^ Lane & Simpson 2002, p. 71.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 61.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 63.
- ^ Lane & Simpson 2002, p. 81.
- ^ Rubin 2003, p. 256.
- ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 11.
- ^ a b Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 154.
- ^ Rubin 2003, p. 227-228.
- ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 15.
- ^ "Obituary: Mr Bernard Lee". The Times: p. 12. 19 January 1981.
- ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 98.
- ^ "From Russia With Love Tech Info". CBS Interactive Inc. http://uk.gamespot.com/from-russia-with-love/techinfo/. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 154-155.
- ^ Rubin 2003, p. 178.
- ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 136.
- ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 155.
- ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 165.
- ^ Benson 1988, p. 236-137.
- ^ Benson 1988, p. 137.
- ^ West 2010, p. 45.
- ^ Rimington 2008, p. 244.
- ^ a b Black 2005, p. 100.
- ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998, p. 174.
- ^ McKay 2008, p. 353.
- ^ Jütting 2007, p. 91.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p. 22.
- ^ Nathan, Ian (October 2008). "Quantum's Leap". Empire: p. 87.
- ^ Lindner 2009, p. 323.
- ^ "James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Review". James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Xbox. IGN Entertainment. 18 February 2004. http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/492/492864p1.html. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "GoldenEye: Rogue Agent". GoldenEye: Rogue Agent PlayStation 2. IGN Entertainment. 22 November 2004. http://uk.ps2.ign.com/articles/568/568340p3.html. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ East, Tom (4 November 2008). "Making Of Quantum Of Solace". Nintendo magazine. Future plc. http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/6330/newsmaking-of-quantum-of-solace/. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "E3 2010: GoldenEye Reimagined for Wii". GoldenEye 007 Wii. IGN Entertainment. 15 June 2010. http://uk.wii.ign.com/articles/109/1097593p1.html. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "James Bond 007: Blood Stone Review". James Bond 007: Blood Stone Xbox 360. IGN Entertainment. 2 November 2010. http://uk.xbox360.ign.com/articles/113/1131346p1.html. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "Casino Royale (1967)". Allrovi. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/casino-royale-v8522. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ Rubin 2003, p. 187.
- ^ Rubin 2003, p. 44.
- ^ Chapman 2009, p. 107.
- ^ Rubin 2003, p. 148.
- ^ Benson 1988, p. 341.
- ^ Chapman 2009, p. 186.
- ^ Morrison 2011, p. 367.
- ^ Kerr, Philip (27 October 2003). "In a league of its own". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200310270040. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ Vice magazine 2011.
[edit] Bibliography
- Amis, Kingsley (1966). The James Bond Dossier. London: Pan Books. OCLC 752401390.
- Barnes, Alan; Hearn, Marcus (1997). Kiss Kiss Bang! Bang!: the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion. Batsford Books. ISBN 978-0-7134-8182-2.
- Benson, Raymond (1988). The James Bond Bedside Companion. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 1-85283-234-7.
- Black, Jeremy (2005). The politics of James Bond: from Fleming's novel to the big screen. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6240-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g4-sFrU8Xw0C&lpg=PA101&dq=Clarence%20Leiter&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Caplen, Robert (2010). Shaken & Stirred: The feminism of James Bond. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4535-1282-1.
- Chancellor, Henry (2005). James Bond: The man and his world. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6815-2.
- Chapman, James (2009). Licence to Thrill: A cultural history of the James Bond films. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-515-9.
- Comentale, Edward P; Watt, Stephen; Willman, Skip (2005). Ian Fleming & James Bond: the cultural politics of 007. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21743-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NpkbHkuxYTUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Cork, John; Stutz, Collin (2007). James Bond encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4053-3427-3.
- Griswold, John (2006). Ian Fleming's James Bond: annotations and chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond stories. AuthorHouse. ISBN 1-4259-3100-6. http://books.google.com/?id=uariyzldrJwC&lpg=PA2&dq=Ian%20Fleming's%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming's%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Jütting, Kerstin (2007). "Grow Up, 007!" – James Bond over the decades: formula vs. innovation. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-85372-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MzuVat9N7bQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Lane, Andy; Simpson, Paul (2002). The Bond Files: An Unofficial Guide to the World's Greatest Secret Agent. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0712-4.
- Lejeune, Anthony (1979). The gentlemen's clubs of London. London: Mayflower Books. ISBN 978-0-8317-3800-6.
- Lindner, Christoph (2009). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x9-1QY5boUsC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Lycett, Andrew (1996). Ian Fleming. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-85799-783-5.
- Macintyre, Ben (2008). For Your Eyes Only. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-9527-4.
- Masters, Anthony (1994). The Man Who Was M: the life of Maxwell Knight. London: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-13392-6.
- McKay, Sinclair (2008). The man with the golden touch: how the Bond films conquered the world. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-355-9.
- Morrison, Grant (2011). Supergods. London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-08996-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pYoyiXbHeN0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Pearson, John (1966). The Life of Ian Fleming. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-02082-X.
- Pearson, John (2008). James Bond: The Authorised Biography. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-950292-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WdBHOXLA6hYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Pfeiffer, Lee; Worrall, Dave (1998). The essential Bond. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7522-2477-0.
- Rimington, Stella (2008). Open secret: the autobiography of the former Director-General of MI5. London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-943672-0.
- Rubin, Steven Jay (2003). The complete James Bond movie encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-141246-8.
- Simpson, Paul (2002). The rough guide to James Bond. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-142-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BikCz7XZijEC&lpg=PA1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Smith, Jim; Lavington, Stephen (2002). Bond films. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0709-4.
- Stock, Paul (2009). "Dial 'M' for metonym: Universal Exports, M's office space and empire". In Lindner, Christoph. The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5.
- Vice magazine (2011). The World According to Vice. Edinburgh: Canongate Books. ISBN 978-0-85786-024-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h04Bcoq0on4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- West, Nigel (2010). Historical dictionary of Ian Fleming's world of intelligence: fact and fiction. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-2896-3. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=myjQ9kqDFZwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
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